What happens to kidneys when you have high blood pressure

Blood pressure is the push of blood against the walls of blood vessels when the heart pumps it out. Hypertension is an increase in the force that blood exerts on blood vessels as it moves through the body.

Healthy kidneys filter about half a cup of blood per minute and expel waste and excess water to make urine. Urine flows from each kidney to the bladder through a pair of thin tubes called ureters, one on each side of the bladder. Your bladder stores urine. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are part of the urinary system.

High blood pressure constricts and shrinks blood vessels, ultimately damaging and weakening blood vessels throughout the body, including the kidneys. Narrowing reduces blood flow. If your kidney blood vessels are damaged, they may no longer work properly. When this happens, the kidneys are unable to remove all waste and excess fluid from your body. Excess fluid in your blood vessels can raise your blood pressure even further, creating a dangerous cycle that causes more damage and leads to kidney failure.

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In 2017, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association published new guidelines for managing hypertension, defining hypertension as blood pressure (BP) ≥130/80 mmHg. Stage 2 hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 Kpa).

Rates of High Blood Pressure Control Vary by Sex and Race:

Uncontrolled high blood pressure is common; however, certain groups of people are more likely to have control over their high blood pressure than others.

Hypertension is more common in some areas of the United States than in others. Interactive Atlas of Heart shows the self-reported prevalence of hypertension by county centrally. However, the maps may underestimate the true impact of hypertension in each state, because about one in five adults with hypertension is unaware of it and does not report it.

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Who is more likely to develop high blood pressure or kidney disease?

You are more likely to have high blood pressure if you have the following conditions.

1. Old age: Blood pressure tends to rise with age. Over time, our blood vessels naturally thicken and harden.

2. Family members with high blood pressure: Hypertension tends to run in families.

3. Unhealthy lifestyle habits: such as eating too much sodium (salt), drinking too many alcoholic beverages, or not exercising can increase your risk of high blood pressure.

In addition to hypertension, other factors that increase the risk of kidney disease are diabetes, and a family history of kidney failure, and African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians are at greater risk of chronic kidney disease. High blood pressure is both a cause and a consequence of kidney disease.

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What are the symptoms of hypertension and kidney disease?

Symptoms of advanced kidney disease include:

1. Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting

2. Drowsiness, tiredness, or trouble sleeping

3. Headache or lack of concentration

4. Increased or decreased urination

5. muscle cramps

6. Chest pain or shortness of breath

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What should we avoid eating if we have high blood pressure or kidney disease?

There are other steps you can take to reach your blood pressure goal, including eating heart-healthy and low-sodium foods, quitting smoking, being physically active, getting enough sleep, and taking medications as prescribed. You should also limit alcohol consumption - no more than two drinks a day for men and one a day for women - as drinking too many alcoholic beverages can raise blood pressure.

References：

1. Facts about hypertension. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed February 25, 2020. Accessed February 2020.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019.

3. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison C, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2018;71(19):e13–115.

4. Farley TA, Dalal MA, Mostashari F, Frieden TR. Deaths are preventable in the U.S. by improvements in the use of clinical preventive services. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(6):600–609.